With over 90 years of resistor manufacturing experience, Panasonic offers a wide range of high-performance resistors to meet market needs. Resistors limit electric current and are essential in all electronic devices.
Panasonic's portfolio includes various types, from miniaturized chip resistors to high-power, high-precision, and specialized resistors for harsh environments.
Designed for reliability and stability, they support applications in automotive, industrial, and outdoor settings, helping to achieve miniaturization, cost savings, and high performance.

Question: What is its failure mode?

Answer: The capacitor under normal service conditions is basically in open mode (in which the resistance increases). However, under harsh service conditions, it may operate in short mode (in which the resistance decreases).
For more detailed information on this subject, see the following pages: Chip Resistors - Failure by Usage Environment and Failure Mode

Question: What is migration mechanism?

Answer: Migration is generally a phenomenon occurring with a pair of electrodes placed in a high humidity environment. When voltage is applied between these electrodes, the anode metal is ionized and moves to the facing cathode and regenerates as metal again. The metal generated on the cathode grows into a tree-like shape and reduces insulation between poles, eventually causing a short-circuit.
Migration generally occurs when the three factors of electricity, water and halogen substance co-exist, by generating “Sn migration” on the exterior (solder) of the electronic component and “Ag migration” generated within the component. 
As the Ag electrode is fully covered with a protective membrane or plating, Ag migration isn’t generated in a normal operating environment. But when halogen substances (F, Cl, Br) contained in flux etc. attaches with an active force, it causes deterioration of the protective membrane, and when moisture and an electric potential exists, migration may be happened.

Question: How can we avoid migration?

Answer: The following two methods can be applied for preventing migration.

1. Remove halogen substance residue with a non-halogen cleaning agent.
2. When using flux or adhesive, use the appropriate heat treatment* to make halogen substances inactive.

Question: What is mechanism of electrolytic corrosion?

Answer: When a halogen substance (F, Cl, Br) residue, contained in flux, adhesive, or cleaning agent, attaches to the surface of a chip resistor, and is exposed to a sulfur-containing atmosphere, the chip resistor surface protection membrane deteriorates, and moisture in the atmosphere containing halogen and sulfur tends to penetrate in the resistive element.
As thin-film chip resistors use a nickel-chrome alloy (Ni-Cr), the resistor element can be corroded by the penetrating moisture containing halogen and sulfur, leading to a resistance value increase and open circuit (wire breakage).
Thick film chip resistors consist of a resistive element made from a sintered mixture of ruthenium oxide and glass, and therefore free from electrolytic corrosion.